2021年，适逢上海交通大学建校125周年，上海交通大学联合《科学》杂志，再次向全球征集125个科学问题。
“距离2005年提出125个问题已经过去了16年，我想，到了一个时间去回顾曾经的问题，并重新推出新版的125个问题。”《科学》/美国科学促进会国际合作总监初晓英在会上说，这次的问题反映国内关心的情况更多一点，而提问也是进一步拓宽科学的边界、推动边界去前行的方式，人们对世界的了解也会随之更深广。
问题征集的消息发布后，得到了全球科学家、青年学者、世界顶尖科学家协会等学术组织的积极响应，问题凝聚了《科学》/美国科学促进会编辑与学术圈、诺贝尔奖、沃尔夫奖、拉斯克奖、图灵奖、麦克阿瑟天才奖获得者等全球知名科学家和青年学者、上海交大师生，以及社交媒体的共同智慧。此次问题涉及数学、化学、医学健康、生命学科、天文学、物理学、信息科学、材料科学、神经科学、生态学、能源科学和人工智能多个领域，学科领域丰富。
现在，16年过去了，那么最新的125个科学问题又是哪些呢？这里发给大家收藏、挑战吧！
Mathematical Sciences
数学
- What makes prime numbers so special?
1.什么使素数如此特别？ - Will the Navier–Stokes problem ever be solved?
2.纳维尔-斯托克斯问题会得到解决吗？ - Is the Riemann hypothesis true?
3.黎曼猜想是真的吗？
Chemistry
化学
- Are there more color pigments to discover?
1.还有更多色彩元素可发现吗？
- Will the periodic table ever be complete?
2.元素周期表会完整吗？
- How can we measure interface phenomena on the microscopic level?
3.如何在微观层面测量界面现象？
- What is the future for energy storage？
4.能量存储的未来是怎样的？
- Why does life require chirality?
5.为什么生命需要手性？
- How can we better manage the world’s plastic waste?
6.我们如何更好地管理世界上的塑料废物？
- Will AI redefine the future of chemistry?
7.AI会重新定义化学的未来吗？
- How can matter be programmed into living materials?
8.物质如何被编码而成为生命材料？
- What drives reproduction in living systems?
9.是什么驱动生命系统的复制？
Medicine & Health
医学与健康
- Can we predict the next pandemic?
1.我们可以预测下一次流行病吗？
- Will we ever find a cure for the common cold?
2.我们会找到治疗感冒的方法吗？
- Can we design and manufacture medicines customized for individual people?
3.我们可以设计和制造出为个人定制的药物吗？
- Can a human tissue or organ be fully regenerated?
4.人体组织或器官可以完全再生吗？
- How is immune homeostasis maintained and regulated?
5.如何维持和调节免疫稳态？
- Is there a scientific basis to the Meridian System in traditional Chinese medicine?
6.中医的经络系统有科学依据吗？
- How will the next generation of vaccines be made?
7.下一代疫苗将如何生产？
- Can we ever overcome antibiotic resistance?
8.我们能否克服抗生素耐药性？
- What is the etiology of autism?
9.自闭症的病因是什么？
- What role does our microbiome play in health and disease?
10.我们的微生物组在健康和疾病中扮演什么角色？
- Can xenotransplantation solve the shortage of donor organs?
11.异种移植能否解决供体器官的短缺问题？
Biology
生命科学
- What could help conservation of the oceans?
1.什么可以帮助保护海洋？
- Can we stop ourselves from aging?
2.我们可以阻止自己衰老吗？
- Why can only some cells become other cells?
3.为什么只有一些细胞会变成其他细胞？
- Why are some genomes so big and others very small?
4.为什么有些基因组非常大而另一些却很小？
- Will it be possible to cure all cancers?
5.有可能治愈所有癌症吗？
- What genes make us uniquely human?
6.哪些基因使我们人类与众不同？
- How do migratory animals know where they’re going?
7.迁徙动物如何知道它们要去哪里？
- How many species are there on Earth?
8.地球上有多少物种？
- How do organisms evolve?
9.有机体是如何进化的？
- Why did dinosaurs grow to be so big?
10.为什么恐龙长得如此之大？
- Did ancient humans interbreed with other human-like ancestors?
11.远古人类是否曾与其他类人祖先杂交？
- Why do humans get so attached to dogs and cats?
12.人类为什么会对猫狗如此着迷？
- Will the world’s population keep growing indefinitely?
13.世界人口会无限增长吗？
- Why do we stop growing?
14.我们为什么会停止生长？
- Is de-extinction possible?
15.能否复活灭绝生物？
- Can humans hibernate?
16.人类可以冬眠吗？
- Where do human emotions originate?
17.人类的情感源于何处？
- Will humans look physically different in the future?
18.未来人类的外貌会有所不同吗？
- Why were there species explosions and mass extinction?
19.为什么会发生物种大爆发和大灭绝？
- How might genome editing be used to cure disease?
20.基因组编辑将如何用于治疗疾病？
- Can a cell be artificially synthesized?
21.可以人工合成细胞吗？
- How are biomolecules organized in cells to function orderly and effectively?
22.细胞内的生物分子是如何组织从而有序有效发挥作用的？
Astronomy
天文学
- How many dimensions are there in space?
1.空间中有多少个维度？
- What is the shape of the universe?
2.宇宙的形状是怎样的？
- Where did the big bang start?
3.大爆炸从何处开始？
- Why don’t the orbits of planets decay and cause them to crash into each other?
4.为什么行星的轨道不衰减并导致它们相互碰撞？
- When will the universe die? Will it continue to expand?
5.宇宙何时消亡？它会继续膨胀吗？
- Is it possible to live permanently on another planet?
6.我们有可能在另一个星球上长期居住吗？
- Why do black holes exist?
7.为什么存在黑洞？
- What is the universe made of?
8.宇宙是由什么构成的？
- Are we alone in the universe?
9.我们是宇宙中唯一的生命体吗？
- What is the origin of cosmic rays?
10.宇宙射线的起源是什么？
- What is the origin of mass?
11.物质的起源是什么？
- What is the smallest scale of space-time?
12.时空的最小尺度是是多少？
- Is water necessary for all life in the universe, or just on Earth?
13.水是宇宙中所有生命所必需的么，还是仅对地球生命？
- What is preventing humans from carrying out deep-space exploration?
14.是什么阻止了人类进行深空探测？
- Is Einstein’s general theory of relativity correct?
15.爱因斯坦的广义相对论是正确的吗？
- How are pulsars formed?
16.脉冲星是如何形成的？
- Is our Milky Way Galaxy special?
17.我们的银河系特别吗？
- What is the volume, composition, and significance of the deep biosphere?
18.深层生物圈的规模、组成和意义是什么？
- Will humans one day have to leave the planet (or die trying)?
19.人类有一天会不得不离开地球吗（还是会在尝试中死去）？
- Where do the heavy elements in the universe come from?
20.宇宙中的重元素来自何处？
- Is it possible to understand the structure of compact stars and matter?
21.有可能了解致密恒星和物质的结构吗？
- What is the origin of the high-energy cosmic neutrinos?
22.高能宇宙中微子的起源是什么？
- What is gravity?
23.什么是重力？
Physics
物理学
- Is there a diffraction limit?
1.有衍射极限吗？
- What is the microscopic mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity?
2.高温超导的微观机理是什么？
- What are the limits of heat transfer in matter?
3.物质传热的极限是什么？
- What are the fundamental principles of collective motion?
4.集体运动的基本原理是什么？
- What are the smallest building blocks of matter?
5.什么是物质的最小组成部分？
- Will we ever travel at the speed of light?
6.我们会以光速行驶吗？
- What is quantum uncertainty and why is it important?
7.什么是量子不确定性，为什么它很重要？
- Will there ever be a “theory of everything”?
8.会有“万有理论”吗？
- Why does time seem to flow in only one direction?
9.为什么时间似乎只朝一个方向流动？
- What is dark matter?
10.什么是暗物质？
- Can we make a real, human-size invisibility cloak?
11.我们可以制作出真人大小的隐形斗篷吗？
- Are there any particles that behave oppositely to the properties or states of photons?
12.是否存在与光子性质或状态相反的粒子？
- Will the Bose-Einstein condensate be widely used in the future?
13.玻色-爱因斯坦冷凝体未来会被广泛使用吗？
- Can humans make intense lasers with incoherence comparable to sunlight?
14.人类能制造出与太阳光相似的非相干强激光吗？
- What is the maximum speed to which we can accelerate a particle?
15.我们最多可以将粒子加速到多快？
- Is quantum many-body entanglement more fundamental than quantum fields?
16.量子多体纠缠比量子场更基本吗？
- What is the optimum hardware for quantum computers?
17.量子计算机的最佳硬件是什么？
- Can we accurately simulate the macro- and microworld?
18.我们可以精确模拟宏观和微观世界吗？
Information Science
信息科学
- Is there an upper limit to computer processing speed?
1.计算机处理速度是否有上限？
- Can AI replace a doctor?
2.AI可以代替医生吗？
- Can topological quantum computing be realized?
3.拓扑量子计算可以实现吗？
- Can DNA act as an information storage medium?
4.DNA可以用作信息存储介质吗？
Engineering & Material Science
工程与材料科学
- What is the ultimate statistical invariances of turbulence?
1.湍流的最终统计不变性是什么？
- How can we break the current limit of energy conversion efficiencies?
2.我们如何突破当前的能量转换效率极限？
- How can we develop manufacturing systems on Mars?
3.我们如何在火星上开发制造系统？
- Is a future of only self-driving cars realistic?
4.纯无人驾驶汽车的未来是否现实？
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Neuroscience
神经科学
- What are the coding principles embedded in neuronal spike trains?
1.神经元放电序列的编码准则是什么？
- Where does consciousness lie?
2.意识存在于何处？
- Can human memory be stored, manipulated, and transplanted digitally?
3.能否数字化地存储、操控和移植人类记忆？
- Why do we need sleep?
4.为什么我们需要睡眠？
- What is addiction and how does it work?
5.什么是成瘾？
- Why do we fall in love?
6.为什么我们会坠入爱河？
- How did speech evolve and what parts of the brain control it?
7.言语如何演变形成，大脑的哪些部分对其进行控制？
- How smart are nonhuman animals?
8.除人类以外的其他动物有多聪明？
- Why are most people right-handed?
9.为什么大多数人都是右撇子？
- Can we cure neurodegenerative diseases?
10.我们可以治愈神经退行性疾病吗？
- Is it possible to predict the future?
11.有可能预知未来吗？
- Can we more effectively diagnose and treat complex mental disorders?
12.精神障碍能否有效诊断和治疗？
Ecology
生态学
- Can we stop global climate change?
1.我们可以阻止全球气候变化吗？
- Where do we put all the excess carbon dioxide?
2.我们能把过量的二氧化碳存到何处？
- What creates the Earth’s magnetic field (and why does it move)?
3.是什么创造了地球的磁场（为什么它会移动）？
- Will we be able to predict catastrophic weather events (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes) more accurately?
4.我们是否能够更准确地预测灾害性事件（海啸、飓风、地震）？
- What happens if all the ice on the planet melts?
5.如果地球上所有的冰融化会怎样？
- Can we create an environmentally friendly replacement for plastics?
6.我们可以创造一种环保的塑料替代品吗？
- Can we achieve a situation where essentially every material can be recycled and reused?
7.几乎所有材料都可以回收再利用是否可以实现？
- Will we soon see the end of monocultures like wheat, maize, rice, and soy?
8.我们会很快看到小麦、玉米、大米和大豆等单一作物的终结吗？
Energy Science
能源科学
- Could we live in a fossil-fuel-free world?
1.我们可以生活在一个去化石燃料的世界中吗？
- What is the future of hydrogen energy?
2.氢能的未来是怎样的？
- Will cold fusion ever be possible?
3.冷聚变有可能实现吗？
Artificial Intelligence
人工智能
- Will injectable, disease-fighting nanobots ever be a reality?
1.可注射的抗病纳米机器人会成为现实吗？
- Will it be possible to create sentient robots?
2.是否有可能创建有感知力的机器人？
- Is there a limit to human intelligence?
3.人类智力是否有极限？
- Will artificial intelligence replace humans?
4.人工智能会取代人类吗？
- How does group intelligence emerge?
5.群体智能是如何出现的？
- Can robots or AIs have human creativity?
6.机器人或 AI 可以具有人类创造力吗？
- Can quantum artificial intelligence imitate the human brain?
7.量子人工智能可以模仿人脑吗？
- Could we integrate with computers to form a human-machine hybrid species?
8.我们可以和计算机结合以形成人机混合物种吗？
【声明】：文中内容来源于文汇报和上海交大，版权归原作者所有，如有侵权请联系后台处理。
英文期刊SCI、EI、会议论文等投稿查重请认准正品Crosscheck中文网站：www.crosscheck.hk。
